feat: add ssz to engine api by barnabasbusa · Pull Request #764 · ethereum/execution-apis

barnabasbusa · 2026-03-04T18:44:22Z

Core change: Full binary SSZ over REST. No JSON, no hex encoding - raw SSZ bytes over HTTP.

Rationale:

Performance: Eliminates JSON parsing + hex encoding/decoding on the critical path. The CL already has execution payloads in SSZ (from beacon blocks) — with binary transport it can forward raw bytes to the EL without any conversion.
Blob scaling: As blob count increases, JSON becomes the bottleneck. Each blob is 131,072 bytes — hex encoding doubles that. Binary SSZ sends blobs at their actual size. This directly unblocks increasing MAX_BLOB_COMMITMENTS_PER_BLOCK without degrading CL-EL communication.
Zero breakage: JSON-RPC stays as default. SSZ is opt-in via capabilities exchange. Existing clients work unchanged.

…eflect optionality removal Removes `Optional[T]` mapping as it is replaced by specific zero/empty value encoding in container definitions. Updates `PayloadStatusV1`, `ForkchoiceUpdatedResponseV1`, `ExecutionPayloadBodyV1`, and `ExecutionPayloadBodyV2` to use non-optional types where JSON mapping implies a zero/empty value instead of true optionality. Updates SSZ mappings for `engine_getPayloadBodiesByHashV1/V2` and `engine_getBlobsV1/V2/V3` to use nested lists (`List[List[T, 1]]`) instead of `Optional[T]` to represent the presence or absence of data, consistent with non-null SSZ encoding for absent data. Adds notes explaining the zero/empty encoding for absent fields.

…update examples The documentation for how `T or null` maps to SSZ encoding is being clarified. Replaced the generic statement about `Optional[T]` being encoded as `List[T, 1]` with a more direct explanation that it is represented as `List[T, 1]`. Also updated the description for `payload_attributes` in `ForkchoiceUpdated` requests to explicitly state that presence is indicated by a list with 1 element, matching the SSZ type definition. Additionally, added missing vocabulary words to `wordlist.txt` to improve future documentation generation tools.

…ation to reflect capability exchange The transport negotiation mechanism has been updated to exclusively use `engine_exchangeCapabilities` over JSON-RPC for determining support of SSZ REST endpoints. This change clarifies the required steps for clients to discover and utilize the binary SSZ transport.

Update documentation to better explain how JSON-RPC remains the default for negotiation and fallback, explicitly stating when binary SSZ is used. This clarifies the steps involved for CL and EL during initialization.

shemnon · 2026-03-05T00:31:41Z

+- The CL uses SSZ natively, forcing a round-trip conversion (SSZ to JSON, then JSON to internal types) at the Engine API boundary.
+
+Binary SSZ eliminates all of this. The CL sends raw SSZ bytes over HTTP; the EL deserializes directly. No hex encoding, no JSON parsing, no intermediate representations. Payload sizes are reduced by 50% or more compared to JSON-RPC, and serialization is no longer a bottleneck in the critical path between CL and EL.


The EL uses RLP, why not RLP? The EL does not currently support SSZ while the CL does support RLP for various reasons. This would reduce the number of libraries in the EL but be net zero for the CL.

What unique utility does SSZ provide?

The CL does not support RLP, some clients do, but it is unnecessary, it is an optimization.

nazarhussain · 2026-04-16T13:11:19Z


+### Binary SSZ transport
+
+Clients **MAY** support a binary SSZ transport as an alternative to JSON-RPC. The binary transport uses resource-oriented REST endpoints with raw SSZ request and response bodies (`application/octet-stream`), eliminating JSON and hex-encoding overhead for fast CL-EL communication. Endpoints follow Beacon API conventions with path-based versioning (e.g., `POST /engine/v5/payloads`).


Current specs define the capabilities as JSON-RPC methods names like:

engine_newPayloadV2

engine_getPayloadV5

This suggestion change the capabilities vocabulary to strings like POST /engine/v5/payloads.

This is protocol change, not just a transport addition.

why would it be a protocol change? We just using the v before not after.

Explained in detail in this thread #764 (review)

nazarhussain · 2026-04-16T13:12:46Z

+
+---
+
+#### `POST /engine/v1/capabilities` — Exchange capabilities


Related to earlier point, If we want to add this endpoint then we should remove engine_exchangeCapabilities reference from the documents and that will be a protocol change.

Or we keep both but must keep the return format of both to one canonical format, and that will existing response format of the engine_exchangeCapabilities to avoid a breaking change to protocol.

I don't see how this is protocol breaking change?

Explained in detail in this thread #764 (review)

nazarhussain · 2026-04-16T13:17:55Z

+### Client errors
+
+| Status | Meaning | Usage |
+| - | - | - |
+| `400` | Bad Request | Malformed SSZ encoding |
+| `401` | Unauthorized | Missing or invalid JWT token |
+| `404` | Not Found | Unknown payload ID |
+| `409` | Conflict | Invalid forkchoice state |
+| `413` | Request Too Large | Request exceeds maximum element count |
+| `422` | Unprocessable Entity | Invalid payload attributes |
+
+### Server errors
+
+| Status | Meaning | Usage |
+| - | - | - |
+| `500` | Internal Server Error | Unexpected server error |
+
+Error responses use `Content-Type: text/plain` with a human-readable error message body.


The existing Engine API has meaningful machine-readable error codes:

unknown payload

invalid forkchoice state

invalid attributes

too large request

unsupported fork

The SSZ HTTP version partly maps these, but not completely:

unsupported fork is missing

invalid params vs malformed SSZ are not fully separated

text/plain error bodies are not machine-stable

Would suggest a normative mapping from JSON-RPC error codes to HTTP status + a small structured error body, even if the success path stays raw SSZ.

nazarhussain · 2026-04-16T13:29:03Z

+
+When a new fork introduces a new method version, a new versioned endpoint is added. Older versioned endpoints **MAY** be deprecated but **SHOULD** remain available for backwards compatibility.
+
+### Negotiation and fallback


Negotiation says “if both advertise, use SSZ”, but what if:

EL advertises endpoint support but returns 404/415/500

one endpoint version is implemented incorrectly while others work

Do we:

permanently downgrade the whole transport?

downgrade only that method version?

retry JSON-RPC immediately?

Without clear rules for negotiation and fallback behavior for each client may diverge.

…llable types - Drop misleading "idempotent" claim on GET /payloads/{payload_id} and require Cache-Control: no-store; the payload mutates until the slot deadline so caches/intermediaries must not store or revalidate it. - Expand security considerations with explicit DoS guidance: pre-read Content-Length rejection, length/offset validation before allocation, and operationally enforced per-endpoint body caps. The protocol-level maxima bound on-chain validity, not per-request resource use. - Encode truly-nullable fields per the documented List[T, 1] rule: PayloadStatusV1.latest_valid_hash, ForkchoiceUpdatedResponseV1.payload_id, and ExecutionPayloadBodyV2.block_access_list. Restores parity with the JSON spec (each is non-required / oneOf null) and removes the zero-sentinel ambiguity. Example response length updated 37 -> 41.

nazarhussain · 2026-04-16T14:12:18Z

+| `Content-Type` (request) | `application/octet-stream` | SSZ-encoded request container |
+| `Content-Type` (response) | `application/octet-stream` | SSZ-encoded response (success) |
+| `Content-Type` (response) | `text/plain` | Human-readable error message |
+| `Accept` (request) | `application/octet-stream` | Client accepts SSZ-encoded responses |


I would also like that we support both application/json and application/octet-stream. The application/json would just the existing JSON-RPC with layer with REST interface. That will be very easy for everyone to implement. Later we can add application/octet-stream support for individual endpoint.

nazarhussain · 2026-04-16T14:26:31Z

The motivation for binary SSZ is clear and the performance gains it promises, especially with blobs, are significant and necessary for the protocol's evolution. However, I have some concerns about coupling the transport layer migration (JSON-RPC to REST) with the encoding semantics change (JSON/hex to SSZ).

I propose a staged approach that separates these concerns, allowing for a more robust and predictable transition for CL and EL clients.

Core Recommendation: Implement REST Transport with Current JSON Semantics First, Then Introduce SSZ Gradually.

This approach involves two main phases:

Phase 1: Introduce REST Transport with Existing JSON Semantics

Goal: Establish the resource-oriented HTTP/REST transport layer, but continue using JSON encoding and semantics identical to the existing JSON-RPC methods. This means the payloads would essentially be JSON over HTTP POST/GET for the new REST endpoints.
What it entails:
- Define HTTP REST endpoints (e.g., /engine/v5/payloads) for each corresponding JSON-RPC method.
- For these new REST endpoints, the request and response bodies would be standard JSON, not SSZ.
- Implement and document HTTP status code mapping, authentication, and caching behavior for these REST endpoints.
Benefits:
- Isolates Complexity: This cleanly decouples the transport layer change from the encoding logic. Interop bugs can be more easily attributed to either the HTTP transport (Phase 1) or the SSZ encoding (Phase 2).
- Preserves Semantic Invariance: Critical issues like nullability encoding (List[T,1] vs. sentinel values) and detailed error reporting that currently differ between the proposed SSZ spec and existing JSON-RPC semantics can be standardized against the established JSON-RPC behavior. This maintains a consistent "meaning of the data" across both transports initially.
- Simplified Client Adoption: Clients can first implement the HTTP/REST routing, authentication, error handling, and negotiation patterns without immediately needing to integrate SSZ codecs and their nuanced type mappings.
- Robust Negotiation Foundation: A stable REST layer provides a clearer base for developing a precise content negotiation mechanism for future SSZ support.

Phase 2: Introduce Optional Binary SSZ Encoding Gradually, Endpoint-by-Endpoint

Goal: Once the REST transport with JSON semantics (Phase 1) is stable and widely adopted, introduce binary SSZ encoding as an optional, opt-in mechanism for specific endpoints.
What it entails:
- Introduce content negotiation (e.g., via Accept/Content-Type headers for application/octet-stream) to allow clients to elect for SSZ encoding on specific endpoints.
- Prioritize endpoints where performance gains are most critical (e.g., newPayload, getPayload, blobs).
- Carefully map JSON-RPC (and now REST+JSON) semantics, including nullability and errors, to their SSZ counterparts, ensuring exact behavior parity.
Benefits:
- Targeted Optimization: SSZ adoption can be focused strictly on where it yields the most benefit, allowing for iterative deployment and fine-tuning.
- Learn from Experience: Feedback from Phase 1 can inform better SSZ design decisions, particularly around error handling, nullability representation, and capability advertisement without disrupting the core transport rollout.
- Controlled Rollout: Clients can incrementally enable SSZ on a per-endpoint basis, minimizing risk and allowing for clearer debugging if issues arise.

This phased approach embodies the principle of "slow is smooth, smooth is fast" for protocol evolution. It allows implementers to digest one architectural change at a time, leading to a more stable and predictable ecosystem.

@LukaszRozmej

…ConfigurationV1 - Remove INVALID_BLOCK_HASH from the PayloadStatusV1 status enum. The value only applied to engine_newPayloadV1 (Paris) and was supplanted by INVALID starting Shanghai (V2+); all SSZ endpoints in this spec are V2+, so it was dead weight. Addresses @LukaszRozmej review. - Remove the TransitionConfigurationV1 container, the /engine/v1/transition-configuration endpoint section, the endpoint-summary row, and both TOC entries. The corresponding engine_exchangeTransitionConfigurationV1 method was deprecated in Cancun (clients MAY remove support).

MariusVanDerWijden · 2026-05-08T09:48:38Z

Alternative: #793

LukaszRozmej · 2026-05-08T15:56:13Z

Alternative: #793

I would change transport first and then later we can refactor. Not a fan of doing 2 things at once. This way we can reuse handler code and focus on transport layer.

We already implemented this one but we can also support yours if it gains traction

Giulio2002 · 2026-05-08T16:48:30Z

Alternative: #793

I will post this here but also copy this message over to the PR:

I agree with @LukaszRozmej that it's better to first have the transport which is useful and focus on refactoring later.
focusing on the refactor, it does not work. version in REST is done with vN /N/ or ?version=N or using the headers (none of these are significantly different from an impl perspective). removing it altogether and do a different new versioning is not a refactor but just goes against best practices. you will still implement the same different versioned container but just with a worse API.

here is how versioning should be done in REST: https://restfulapi.net/versioning/, we will still need different versions for the containers. getting rid of the versioning just makes everything harder and overall worse for no benefit (you still need different containers)

Adds src/engine/witness-retrieval.md describing an Engine API extension that allows the consensus layer to opt in to receiving the execution witness alongside the existing payload validation and payload production flows. Design summary: - engine_newPayloadV6: extends V5 with an optional `requestWitness` param and an optional `executionWitness` field on PayloadStatusV2. - engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV5: accepts PayloadAttributesV5, which adds a `requestWitness` field so the EL can configure witness collection before execution begins. - engine_getPayloadV7: response gains an optional `executionWitness`, populated when the originating FCU set `requestWitness = true`. - ExecutionWitnessV1: DATA representing SSZ-encoded witness bytes, following the on-wire convention of BlobV1. Container schema defined externally in a consensus-specs companion document. Offered as an alternative to the *WithWitness method approach (issue ethereum#741, PR ethereum#773). Rationale doc compares this against *WithWitness and notes composition with the SSZ-REST transport (PR ethereum#764).

MariusVanDerWijden · 2026-05-18T11:52:31Z

focusing on the refactor, it does not work. version in REST is done with vN /N/ or ?version=N or using the headers (none of these are significantly different from an impl perspective). removing it altogether and do a different new versioning is not a refactor but just goes against best practices. you will still implement the same different versioned container but just with a worse API.

Did you even read my pr?

Aligns the SSZ schema with PR ethereum#796 (a22fbd4), which added targetGasLimit to PayloadAttributesV4 in the JSON spec but left this SSZ doc behind. Without it, CLs sending the alpha-8 field over SSZ get rejected by EL SSZ decoders that still use the old 6-field layout (off-by-8 withdrawals offset -> malformed SSZ body).

nazarhussain

Following up on my earlier review comment about the capability vocabulary mix: the spec text and reference implementations have moved on, but this specific concern is still unaddressed.

The existing spec defines engine_exchangeCapabilities very explicitly in common.md

Response: Array of string — Array of strings, each string is a name of a method supported by execution layer client software.

Request and response lists MUST contain Engine API methods that are currently supported by consensus and execution client software respectively. Name of each method in both lists MUST include suffixed version.

This PR adds a second grammar <METHOD> /<path> into the same field, so a spec-compliant EL with SSZ support now returns one flat array like:

  [                                                                               
    "engine_newPayloadV4",                                                        
    "engine_newPayloadV5",               
    "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV4",
    "POST /engine/v5/payloads",                                                   
    "GET /engine/v6/payloads/{payload_id}",
    "POST /engine/v4/forkchoice"                                                  
  ]

That's a literal MUST violation of the existing common.md text — the new entries are not method names and don't carry version suffixes. The PR introduces the new behavior in ssz-encoding.md but leaves the normative definition in common.md unchanged, so the spec becomes internally contradictory if we merge this PR.

Beyond the contradiction, this is a vocabulary change to a protocol-level discovery mechanism, not a transport detail. Existing consumers of engine_exchangeCapabilities (tooling, monitoring, CL-side capability matchers) will see entries that don't fit the established grammar — silently dropping them, failing validation, or misclassifying them depending on implementation.

Notably, the PR already defines a clean SSZ container at POST /engine/v1/capabilities for the same purpose, but it's unreachable until after JSON-RPC negotiation has succeeded — so it doesn't help the bootstrap case the mixing was introduced to solve.

So there are only two choices I see reasonable here:

Accept the protocol change explicitly. Update common.md to broaden the response grammar of engine_exchangeCapabilities and retract the name of a method / version-suffix MUST. Every existing implementation then has to audit its capability consumers for compatibility with the new entry shape.
Add a new dedicated method Add engine_exchangeSszEndpointsV1, returning SSZ-REST endpoint identifiers only. EL support for SSZ-REST is advertised through the existing engine_exchangeCapabilities by including engine_exchangeSszEndpointsV1 in the response. The CL then calls that method to fetch REST endpoint support through a clean surface. Legacy consumers see only another normal Engine API method name with a version suffix, so the existing engine_exchangeCapabilities contract remains intact.

## Summary Implements SSZ-REST Engine API transport on the consensus layer (client side), as specified in [ethereum/execution-apis#764](ethereum/execution-apis#764). - New CLI flag `--execution.sszRestUrl` to configure SSZ-REST endpoint - SSZ-encoded request/response bodies for all Engine API methods - Automatic fallback to JSON-RPC on network errors - Supports: `new_payload` (v1-v5), `forkchoice_updated` (v1-v3), `get_payload` (v1-v5), `exchange_capabilities` - Proper fork-based version selection for Deneb/Electra/Fulu --------- Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

…sszRest The SSZ-REST Engine API transport from #8994 was constructed unconditionally and probed on every Engine call, then silently fell back to JSON-RPC on network errors. Until ethereum/execution-apis#764 stabilises and the ELs we test against advertise support consistently, this probing is wasted traffic against vanilla EL deployments and can mask transient infra issues. Add a `sszRest` flag to ExecutionEngineHttpOpts and a hidden `--execution.sszRest` CLI flag. The SszRestClient is only constructed when the flag is set; otherwise the JSON-RPC path is used exclusively. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

## Summary Implements SSZ-REST Engine API transport on the consensus layer (client side), as specified in [ethereum/execution-apis#764](ethereum/execution-apis#764). - New CLI flag `--execution.sszRestUrl` to configure SSZ-REST endpoint - SSZ-encoded request/response bodies for all Engine API methods - Automatic fallback to JSON-RPC on network errors - Supports: `new_payload` (v1-v5), `forkchoice_updated` (v1-v3), `get_payload` (v1-v5), `exchange_capabilities` - Proper fork-based version selection for Deneb/Electra/Fulu --------- Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

…sszRest The SSZ-REST Engine API transport from #8994 was constructed unconditionally and probed on every Engine call, then silently fell back to JSON-RPC on network errors. Until ethereum/execution-apis#764 stabilises and the ELs we test against advertise support consistently, this probing is wasted traffic against vanilla EL deployments and can mask transient infra issues. Add a `sszRest` flag to ExecutionEngineHttpOpts and a hidden `--execution.sszRest` CLI flag. The SszRestClient is only constructed when the flag is set; otherwise the JSON-RPC path is used exclusively. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

barnabasbusa added 4 commits March 3, 2026 23:17

feat: add ssz to engine api

f59dce4

add def for each method

905d42c

fix spellchecker

47049bb

barnabasbusa marked this pull request as draft March 4, 2026 19:38

barnabasbusa added 7 commits March 4, 2026 20:44

make payload ssz

3d3a00e

add rest

1228e83

add capabilities and version

234a3e6

fix all ambiguity

2e1fad1

docs(ssz-encoding): clarify SSZ transport negotiation details

c5b490f

Update documentation to better explain how JSON-RPC remains the default for negotiation and fallback, explicitly stating when binary SSZ is used. This clarifies the steps involved for CL and EL during initialization.

shemnon reviewed Mar 5, 2026

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danceratopz mentioned this pull request Mar 9, 2026

All Core Devs - Testing (ACDT) #73, March 9, 2026 ethereum/pm#1956

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All Core Devs - Execution (ACDE) #234, April 9, 2026 ethereum/pm#2004

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marioevz mentioned this pull request Apr 9, 2026

Support SSZ in the Engine API ethereum/execution-specs#2645

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mattsse mentioned this pull request Apr 15, 2026

Expose HTTP transport middleware for auth/engine RPC server paradigmxyz/reth#23538

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feat(merge): add SSZ-REST transport for Engine-API NethermindEth/nethermind#11301

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Rimeeeeee mentioned this pull request May 4, 2026

feat(rpc): add a ssz proxy layer for engine-api methods paradigmxyz/reth#23936

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Comment thread src/engine/ssz-encoding.md Outdated

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All Core Devs - Testing (ACDT) #79, May 11, 2026 ethereum/pm#2038

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All Core Devs - Consensus (ACDC) #178, May 14, 2026 ethereum/pm#2028

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frisitano mentioned this pull request May 12, 2026

proposal: opt-in witness retrieval via flag on existing engine methods #799

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Dyslex7c mentioned this pull request May 13, 2026

SSZ-REST Engine API Transport for Prysm OffchainLabs/prysm#16784

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All Core Devs - Testing (ACDT) #80, May 18, 2026 ethereum/pm#2049

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feat(engine): SSZ-over-REST transport per execution-apis #764 ethpandaops/consensoor#4

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This was referenced May 18, 2026

feat(engine/ssz): add target_gas_limit to PayloadAttributesV4 wire NethermindEth/nethermind#11646

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feat(engine/ssz): add target_gas_limit to PayloadAttributesV4 wire NethermindEth/nethermind#11647

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nazarhussain suggested changes May 19, 2026

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nazarhussain mentioned this pull request May 19, 2026

feat: ssz engine API transport ChainSafe/lodestar#9382

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iovoid mentioned this pull request May 21, 2026

feat(l1): engine REST/SSZ API lambdaclass/ethrex#6710

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		- The CL uses SSZ natively, forcing a round-trip conversion (SSZ to JSON, then JSON to internal types) at the Engine API boundary.

		Binary SSZ eliminates all of this. The CL sends raw SSZ bytes over HTTP; the EL deserializes directly. No hex encoding, no JSON parsing, no intermediate representations. Payload sizes are reduced by 50% or more compared to JSON-RPC, and serialization is no longer a bottleneck in the critical path between CL and EL.


		### Binary SSZ transport

		Clients MAY support a binary SSZ transport as an alternative to JSON-RPC. The binary transport uses resource-oriented REST endpoints with raw SSZ request and response bodies (`application/octet-stream`), eliminating JSON and hex-encoding overhead for fast CL-EL communication. Endpoints follow Beacon API conventions with path-based versioning (e.g., `POST /engine/v5/payloads`).


		---

		#### `POST /engine/v1/capabilities` — Exchange capabilities


		When a new fork introduces a new method version, a new versioned endpoint is added. Older versioned endpoints MAY be deprecated but SHOULD remain available for backwards compatibility.

		### Negotiation and fallback

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